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by Richard Alan Miller
2001
updated 03/04/2003 from NWBotanicals Website Introduction I first became aware of Allan H. Frey's work at Willow Grove in 1972, just after completing "The Holographic Concept of Reality." I was working with Dr. Carl Scheicher (MRU) at the time, and was asked about the significance of this work. Realizing its possible use in mind control, my first reaction was to go on "red alert." Full significance was not yet understood at this time. Basically, Frey had discovered another sensory motor input in the higher blue-band frequencies of 0.3-3.0 GHz. - at very low amplitudes of power. It was "as if" we had another type of "vision," but did not know how to "see" what was being received. It constituted the next generation of subliminal communications. My work at the time was involved with an AI database for paranormal references (Project Parafile). A second paper was also presented at the Omniversal Symposium, California State College at Sonoma, (September 29, 1973). This was titled "Embryonic Holography," and was an application of "The Holographic Concept of Reality" model. It dealt with biogenesis and neurological regeneration, and included speculation on the origins of cancer, faith healing, psychic surgery and more technical aspects of mind-body energetics. One week after the delivery of that paper, four men came into my place of business, two in suits and two in full Army dress. The two suits held me under close arrest, while the two Army personnel went through my files, pulling anything related to "Embryonic Holography." The paper was rewritten from old notes and memory, but it was not the same. What got this paper classified "top secret" for almost 20 years was that it was critical for the use of Allan Frey's study, and its possible application to mind control. I never was able to draw what was so important in that initial paper until I began researching this paper, more than 24 years later. I will discuss those aspects further into this document. In 1961, Allan Frey, a freelance biophysicist and engineering psychologist, reported that humans could hear microwaves. Most United States scientists dismissed this discovery as the result of outside noise. James C. Linn offered a more technical description of the experiment. "Frey found that human subjects exposed to 1310 MHz and 2982 MHz microwaves at average power densities of 0.4 to 2 mW/cm2 perceived auditory sensations described as buzzing or knocking sounds. The sensation occurred instantaneously at average incident power densities well below that necessary for known biological damage and appeared to originate from within or near the back of the head." Pulsed Microwave Technology Pulsed microwave voice-to-skull (or other-sound-to-skull) transmission was discovered during World War II by radar technicians who found they could hear the buzz of the train of pulses being transmitted by radar equipment they were working on. This phenomenon has been studied extensively by Dr. Allan Frey, (Willow Grove, 1965) whose work has been published in a number of reference books. What Dr. Frey found was that single pulses of microwave could be heard by some people as "pops" or "clicks", while a train of uniform pulses could be heard as a buzz, without benefit of any type of receiver. Dr. Frey also found that a wide range of frequencies, as low as 125 MHz (well below microwave) worked for some combination of pulse power and pulse width. Detailed unclassified studies mapped out those frequencies and pulse characteristics which are optimum for generation of "microwave hearing". Very significantly, when discussing electronic mind control, is the fact that the peak pulse power required is modest - something like 0.3 watts per square centimeter of skull surface, and that this power level is only applied or needed for a very small percentage of each pulse's cycle time. 0.3-watts/cm2 is about what you get under a 250-watt heat lamp at a distance of one meter. It is not a lot of power. When you take into account that the pulse train is off (no signal) for most of each cycle, the average power is so low as to be nearly undetectable. This is the concept of "spike" waves used in radar and other military forms of communication. Frequencies that act as voice-to-skull carriers are not single frequencies, as, for example TV or cell phone channels. Each sensitive frequency is actually a range or "band" of frequencies. A technology used to reduce both interference and detection is called "spread spectrum". Spread spectrum signals usually have the carrier frequency "hop" around within a specified band. Unless a receiver "knows" this hop schedule in advance, like other forms of encryption there is virtually no chance of receiving or detecting a coherent readable signal. Spectrum analyzers, used for detection, are receivers with a screen. A spread spectrum signal received on a spectrum analyzer appears as just more "static" or noise. The actual method of the first successful unclassified voice to skull experiment was in 1974, by Dr. Joseph C. Sharp and Mark Grove, then at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. A Frey-type audible pulse was transmitted every time the voice waveform passed down through the zero axes, a technique easily duplicated by ham radio operators who build their own equipment. The sensation is reported as a buzzing, clicking, or hissing which seems to originate within or just behind the head. The phenomenon occurs with carrier densities as low as microwatts per square centimeter with carrier frequencies from 0.3-3.0 GHz. By proper choice of pulse characteristics, intelligent speech may be created. Dr. James Lin of Wayne State University has written a book entitled: Microwave Auditory Effects and Applications. It explores the possible mechanisms for the phenomenon, and discusses possibilities for the deaf, as persons with certain types of hearing loss can still hear pulsed microwaves (as tones or clicks and buzzes, if words aren't modulated on). Lin mentions the Sharp and Grove experiment and comments: "The capability of communicating directly with humans by pulsed microwaves is obviously not limited to the field of therapeutic medicine."
"Synthetic Telepathy"
In 1975, researcher A. W. Guy stated that, "one of the most widely observed and accepted biologic effects of low average power electromagnetic energy is the auditory sensation evoked in man when exposed to pulsed microwaves." He concluded that at frequencies where the auditory effect can be easily detected, microwaves penetrate deep into the tissues of the head, causing rapid thermal expansion (at the microscopic level only) that produces strains in the brain tissue. An acoustic stress wave is then conducted through the skull to the cochlea, and from there, it proceeds in the same manner as in conventional hearing. It is obvious that receiver-less radio has not been adequately publicized or explained because of national security concerns. Today, the ability to remotely transmit microwave voices inside a target's head is known inside the Pentagon as "Synthetic Telepathy." According to Dr. Robert Becker, "Synthetic Telepathy has applications in covert operations designed to drive a target crazy with voices or deliver undetected instructions to a programmed assassin." This technology may have contributed to the deaths of 25 defense scientists variously employed by Marconi Underwater and Defense Systems, Easems and GEC. Most of the scientists worked on highly sensitive electronic warfare programs for NATO, including the Strategic Defense Initiative. It is claimed that directed energy weapons might have been used to literally drive these men to suicide and 291accidents.
Biological Amplification Using Microwave Band Frequencies The next major development in ELF weaponry was the concept of a biological amplification of these signals at the cell level to perpetuate and set up resonance for more sophisticated information transfer. This was the beginning of using more than one technology in a stack to do something "more." While this was implied, it was never developed in "The Holographic Concept of Reality." Electromagnetic fields or relatively weak power levels can affect intercellular communication. Bio-amplification is apparently why radio signals of very low average power (mw) can produce audio effects, and is difficult to detect. [Electromagnetic Interaction with Biological Systems, ed. Dr. James C. Lin, Univ. of Illinois, 1989, Plenum Press, NY] Imposed weak low frequency fields (and radio frequency fields) that are many orders of magnitude weaker in the pericellular fluid (fluid between adjacent cells) than the membrane potential gradient (voltage across the membrane) can modulate the action of hormones, antibody neurotransmitters and cancer-promoting molecules at their cell surface receptor sites. These ELF sensitivities appear to involve non-equilibrium and highly cooperative processes that mediate a major amplification of initial weak triggers associated with the binding of these molecules (specific cell surface receptor sites). Membrane amplification is inherent in this trans-membrane signaling sequence. Initial stimuli associated with weak perpendicular EM fields and with binding of stimulating molecules at their membrane receptor sites elicit a highly cooperative modification of Ca++ binding to glycoproteins along the membrane. A longitudinal spread is consistent with the direction of extracellular current flow associated with physiological activity and imposed EM fields. This cooperative modification of surface Ca++ binding is an amplifying stage. By imposing RF fields, there is a far greater increase in Ca++ efflux than is accounted for in the events of receptor-ligand binding. from imposing RF fields. Enzymes are protein molecules that function as catalysts, initiating and enhancing chemical reactions that would not otherwise occur at tissue temperatures. This ability resides in the pattern of electrical charges on the molecular surface. Activation of these enzymes and the reactions in which they participate involve energies millions of times greater than in the cell surface, triggering events initiated by the EM fields, emphasizing the membrane amplification inherent in this trans-membrane signaling sequence. Frey and Messenger confirmed that a microwave pulse with a slow rise time was ineffectual in producing an auditory response. Only if the rise time is short, resulting in effect in a square wave with respect to the leading edge of the envelope of radiated radio-frequency energy, does the auditory response occur. This is why we don't "hear" ordinary radio and TV signals.
The significance of "Embryonic Holography" now becomes more understandable. For example, the specific frequency bands (0.3-3.0 Hz) are so flat as to appear almost 2-dimensional to most biological processes on a semi-quantum mechanical level. This means that these frequencies can be seen as "scalar" in their possible interaction with specific brain processes. What these frequencies really are, however, are actual holograms of specific thoughts. They have a third component of detail (much like the patented P300 wave). This means that a hybrid form of brain fingerprinting is now possible. And, once these "images" are stored (usually in a very sophisticated super-cooled computer), similar responses can be fed back to the person, inducing virtually any state desired (via entrainment protocols).
Silent Sound Technology - "S-quad"
Silent (converted-to-voice FM) hypnosis can be transmitted using a voice frequency modulator to generate the "voice." It is a steady tone, near the high end of hearing range (15,000 Hz), plus a hypnotist's voice, varying from 300 - 4,000 Hz. These two signals are frequency modulated. The output now appears as a steady tone, like tinnitus, but with hypnosis embedded.
The FM-voice controls the timing of the transmitter's pulse. Each vertical line is one short pulse of microwave signal at a frequency to which the human brain is sensitive. Timing of each microwave pulse is controlled by each down-slope crossing of the voice wave (Sharp's method, 1974). Then the brain converts the train of microwave pulses back to inaudible voice. There is no conscious defense possible against this form of hypnosis. Ordinary radio and TV signals use a smooth waveform called a 'sine' wave. This wave signal cannot normally penetrate the voltage gradient across the nerve cell walls. Radar signals consist of very short and powerful pulses of sine wave type signals, and can penetrate the steep voltage gradient across these nerve cell walls (Allan H. Frey, Cornell University, 1962). Differences in osmosis of ions (dissolved salt components) cause a small voltage difference across cell walls. When a small voltage appears across a very tiny distance, the change in voltage is called very 'steep.' It is this steep gradient that keeps normal radio signals from throwing us into convulsions. The mind-altering mechanism is based on a subliminal carrier technology: the Silent Sound Spread Spectrum (SSSS), sometimes called "S-quad" or "Squad". It was developed by Dr Oliver Lowery of Norcross, Georgia, and is described in US Patent #5,159,703, "Silent Subliminal Presentation System", dated October 27, 1992. The abstract for the patent reads: "A silent communications system in which non-aural carriers, in the very low or very high audio-frequency range or in the adjacent ultrasonic frequency spectrum are amplitude- or frequency-modulated with the desired intelligence and propagated acoustically or vibrationally, for inducement into the brain, typically through the use of loudspeakers, earphones, or piezoelectric transducers. The modulated carriers may be transmitted directly in real time or may be conveniently recorded and stored on mechanical, magnetic, or optical media for delayed or repeated transmission to the listener." According to literature by Silent Sounds, Inc., it is now possible, using supercomputers, to analyze human emotional EEG patterns and replicate them, then store these "emotion signature clusters" on another computer and, at will, "silently induce and change the emotional state in a human being". Edward Tilton, President of Silent Sounds, Inc., says this about S-quad in a letter dated December 13, 1996: "All schematics, however, have been classified by the US Government and we are not allowed to reveal the exact details... ... we make tapes and CDs for the German Government, even the former Soviet Union countries! All with the permission of the US State Department, of course... The system was used throughout Operation Desert Storm (Iraq) quite successfully." "Induced Alpha to Theta Biofeedback Cluster Movement" is an output from "the world's most versatile and most sensitive electroencephalograph (EEG) machine". This device has a gain capability of 200,000, as compared to most other EEG machines (with gain capability of 50,000). It is software-driven by the "fastest of computers" using a noise nulling technology similar to that used by nuclear submarines for detecting small objects underwater at extreme range. The purpose of all this high technology is to plot and display a moving cluster of periodic brainwave signals. The illustration shows an EEG display from a single individual, taken of left and right hemispheres simultaneously. This technology is very similar to that used to generate P300 waves.
Cloning the Emotions
By using these computer-enhanced EEGs, scientists can identify and isolate the brain's low-amplitude "emotion signature clusters," synthesize them and store them on another computer. In other words, by studying the subtle characteristic brainwave patterns that occur when a subject experiences a particular emotion, scientists have been able to identify the concomitant brainwave pattern and can now duplicate it. "These clusters are then placed on the Silent Sound[TM] carrier frequencies and will silently trigger the occurrence of the same basic emotion in another human being!" Regarding system delivery and applications, there is a lot more involved here than a simple subliminal sound system. There are numerous patented technologies that can be piggybacked individually or collectively onto a carrier frequency to elicit all kinds of effects. There appear to be two methods of delivery with the system. One is direct microwave induction into the brain of the subject, limited to short-range operations. The other, as described above, utilizes ordinary radio and television carrier frequencies. Far from necessarily being used as a weapon against a person, the system does have limitless positive applications. However, the fact that the sounds are subliminal makes them virtually undetectable and possibly dangerous to the general public. In more conventional use, the Silent Sounds Subliminal System might utilize voice commands, e.g., as an adjunct to security systems. Beneath the musical broadcast that you hear in stores and shopping malls may be a hidden message that exhorts against shoplifting. And while voice commands alone are powerful, when the subliminal presentation system carries cloned emotional signatures, the result is overwhelming. Free-market uses for this technology are the common self-help tapes, positive affirmation, relaxation and meditation tapes, as well as methods to increase learning capabilities. But there is strong evidence that this technology is being developed toward global mind control. The secrecy involved in the development of the electromagnetic mind-altering technology reflects the tremendous power that is inherent in it. To put it bluntly, whoever controls this technology can control the minds of men - all men. There is evidence that the U.S. Government has plans to extend the range of this technology to envelop all peoples, all countries. This can be accomplished, and is being accomplished, by utilizing the nearly completed HAARP project for overseas areas and the GWEN network now in place in the U.S. The U.S. Government denies all this. Dr Michael Persinger is a Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience at Laurentian University, Ontario, Canada. His work and findings indicate that strong electromagnetic fields can and will affect a person's brain. "Temporal lobe stimulation can evoke the feeling of a presence, disorientation, and perceptual irregularities. It can activate images stored in the subject's memory, including nightmares and monsters that are normally suppressed." Mind Reading Devices
Alan Yu, a former lieutenant colonel in the Taiwan National Defense Department, says that the United States has not only developed an operational mind control machine, but has also distributed models for use by allied countries. Yu states that such machines pose a great threat to human rights and the American way of life. He calls the device the "Mind Reading Machine" (Mind Machine). Yu writes that there are two sources of information detailing the existence of the Mind Reading Machine. The first evidence: In the 1970s, The South China Morning Post reported that the University of Maryland had invented a Thought Reading Machine. The original purpose of this invention was to help authorities investigate severe car accidents. It was to be used on people who were severely injured to get their accounts of how the accidents occurred. In the spring of 1984, Yu was a lieutenant colonel serving in the National Defense Department of Taiwan. At that time, Yu read a classified document from the department that he serviced under. The document said the Military Police Department of Taiwan had purchased several of the Mind Reading Machines from the United States (In Taiwan, it was called Psychological Language Machine). The document was a request to the United States for parts to repair several malfunctioning machines. The machine allegedly uses microwaves to deliver spoken messages directly to the human brain, as well as using radio waves to hypnotize people or change their thoughts. Yu reports that before he left, this machine had become the most effective weapon for the security departments of Taiwan. In 1993, Defense News announced that the Russian government was discussing with American counterparts the transfer of technical information and equipment known as "Acoustic Psycho-correction." The Russians claimed that this device involves the transmission of specific commands via static or white noise bands into the human subconscious without upsetting other intellectual functions. Demonstrations of this equipment have shown encouraging results after exposure of less than one minute and have produced the ability to alter behavior on unwilling subjects. A US Department of Defense medical engineer claimed in 1989 that the U.S. and Israel had regularly used microwaves to condition and control the minds of Palestinians.
Unclassified ELF-Type Weapons
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Remote physical manipulation: Not covered in this document. At time of writing, that technology appears to be classified.
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Transmission methods for neuro-effective signals: This includes pulsed microwave (i.e., like radar signals) and ultrasound and voice-FM (transmitted through the air), which is also known as "Synthetic Telepathy." While transmission of speech, dating from the early 1970s, was the first use of pulsed microwave, neuro-effective signals can now cause many other nerve groups to become remotely actuated. That specific technology is classified.
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Pavlovian hypnotic triggers: A [Pavlovian] hypnotic trigger is a phrase or any sensory cue that the subject is programmed to involuntarily act in a certain way. MKULTRA survivors can still be triggered from programming done decades ago. One of the main goals of the institutional/drug/child abuse phases of the CIA MKULTRA atrocities (1950's through 1970's) was to implant triggers using a "twilight state" (half-conscious) medication and tape-recorded hypnosis. The ultimate goal was to have the acting out of Pavlovian triggers erased from the victim's memory. These triggers are now planted using either of the above two transmission methods, but with the words moved up just above (or near the top of) the audible frequency range. The result is that hypnotic triggers are planted without the subject being aware. This technology was used in the Gulf War as "Silent Sound."
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Through-wall surveillance methods: This includes top end of microwave (near infrared), and the so-called "millimeter wave" scanning. This method uses the very top end of the microwave radio signal spectrum just below infrared. To view small objects or people clearly, the highest frequency that will penetrate non-conductive or poorly-conductive walls is used.
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Millimeter wave scanning radar can be used in two modes: The first is passive (no radiated signal) and uses background radiation already in the area to be scanned. It is totally undetectable. The active system uses a (low power millimeter wave) "flashlight" attached to the scanner.
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Thought reading: Thought reading can be classed as a form of "through wall surveillance" technology. In the unclassified and commercial realms, it is called thru-skull microwave reading, and magnetic skull-proximity reading.
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Brain entrainment: This involves moods and sleep states, the reverse of biofeedback. The low frequency electrical brain rhythms are characteristics of various moods and states of sleep. Not only can they now be read out using biofeedback equipment or EEG machines, but also radio, sound, contact electrodes, or flashing lights. These moods and sleep states can be generated or at least encouraged using brain entrainment devices. Brain entrainment signals cannot carry voice, which is a much higher frequency range. Brain entrainment can, however, be used to "set up" a target to make him/her more susceptible to hypnosis. -
Implantation: (no longer required)
Specific ELF Weapons
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Ultrasound and Voice-FM: Main advantage in mind control work is that it can carry verbal hypnosis, more potent than simple biorhythm entrainment. An example is Chicago's Airport Terminal connection tunnels and their "Keep Walking." Steady tone, near the high end of hearing range (15,000 Hz). Hypnotist's voice, varying from 300 to 4,000 Hz, fed into a frequency modulator, where the voice controls the frequency. Output is now a steady tone, sounding like tinnitus, but with hypnosis embedded. While the brain can hear and understand, the ear only hears a "tone" or a "rush." -
Through-Wall Radar: Millimeter wave through clothing, through-luggage is currently in use at airports. Millimeter wave scanners can be purchased from: -
Thought Readings: Thought reading is an enhanced version of computer speech recognition, with EEG waves being substituted for sound waves. The easiest "thought" reading is actually remote picking up of the electro-magnetic activity of the speech-control muscles. When we say words to ourselves, silently, or, read a book, we can actually feel the slight sensations of those words in our vocal muscles - all that is absent is the passage of air. Coordinated speech signals are relatively strong and relatively consistent. We are "fed" hypnotic signals to force consistent "neutral" content (but of different character than prior to becoming test subjects) in dreams. These forced, neutral content ("bland" content) dreams occur every single night and may represent the experimenters' efforts to have our experiences portray themselves in such dreams, in effect, mining our experiences. www.raven1.net/elecvisn.htm confirms the ability of current unclassified technology to actually see what a living animal sees, electronically. It is therefore extremely likely that these forced dreams can be displayed on the experimenters' screens in an adjacent apartment or adjacent house, (which are made obvious to the involuntary experimentee).
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Implants: Implants can either receive instructions via radio signals, passing them to the brain. Or, can be interrogated via external radio signals to read brain activity at a distance. Since implants for beneficial purposes are actively being promoted by NIH, it is obvious they will not disappear any time soon.
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Thermal Gun, Seizure Gun, and Magnetophosphene Gun: Evokes a visual response and is thought to be centered in the retina (as seen in the movies Goldeneye, Broken Arrow, Escape From LA, and Eraser). The popular video "Waco: The Big Lie Continues" shows video footage of three EM weapons being used during the confrontation. Note the format for this website has changed; please refer to this information under "Understanding Neurosync"
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From their brochure: You can safely play these tapes anywhere - in a car, while watching TV or listening to your favorite music, while working or even as silent sleep programming."
Warning: Everyone within listening range of the tape will be programmed by the suggestions. To assure yourself that strong suggestions are recorded on the tape, take it to any Radio Shack store, play it on their stereo and read the output with a Radio Shack Sound Level Meter (Item 33-2050)
How To Use The Tapes: Increase the volume until it is just below any tape noise. If your stereo deck has treble and bass controls, you can boost the subliminal output by increasing the treble and decreasing the bass. The player then emits a strong but inaudible frequency - modulated 60 - 90 decibel signal that is received and demodulated by the human ear.
Technical Information: The Suggestions are delivered on a carrier frequency of 14,800 cps, via a low-distortion sine wave signal. This frequency is slightly above the audible hearing range but the frequency-modulated (FM) signal is still strongly impinging upon the diaphragm of the ear. The listener can expect his subconscious mind to accept the suggestions with repeated listening. The Silent Subliminals is a new brain/mind technology developed by an aerospace engineer. This new technique has been licensed to Valley of the Sun Audio/Video for this incredible new tape series. Patent pending. Note: Because the frequency is beyond normal recording range, the tape cannot be duplicated: Examples of Suggestions: -
"Every day you become thinner and thinner" -
"You now lose weight and full fill your goals" -
"You attain your weight goals and the body you desire" -
"You have the power and ability to attain the perfect weight and body you desire" -
"You have the self-discipline to lose all the weight you want" -
"You live a healthy lifestyle and eat a proper diet" -
"You now quit smoking because it serves you" -
"You lose all desire to smoke" -
"You accept that you now quit smoking" -
"You are a non-smoker" -
"Quit smoking. Quit smoking. Quit smoking" -
"You have the willpower to do anything you want to do" -
"You have great self- discipline and you use it to quit smoking" -
"Cigarettes disgust you" -
"You are very sure of yourself" -
"You accept that you have great inner courage" -
"You are self-reliant and self-confident" -
"You are full of independence and determination" -
"You have great inner courage" -
"Every day in every way, you become more and more self-confident" -
"You feel good about yourself" -
"You project a very positive self-image" -
"You are relaxed and at ease" -
"You detach from worldly pressures and experience an inner calm" -
"Negativity flows through you without affecting you" -
"You accept other people as they are" -
"You peacefully accept the things you cannot change, and change the things you can" -
"You are at peace with yourself, the world and everyone in it" -
"Your mind is like calm water" -
"You direct your time and energy to manifest your desires" -
"You have the self-discipline to accomplish your personal and professional goals" -
"Every day, you increase your self-discipline" -
"You do what you need to do and stop doing what doesn't work" -
"You freely choose to do what you need to do" -
"You are assertive and feel good about yourself" -
"You now focus your energy upon attaining success" -
"You know exactly what you want and you go for it" -
"You can accomplish whatever you set out to do" -
"Be ultra-successful. Be ultra-successful and become wealthy" -
"Every day in every way, you become more successful" -
"Your creative thinking opens the door to monetaryabundance" -
"You easily achieve and maintain a penile erection" -
"Your body performs perfectly during sex without thinking about it" -
"A hard, firm erection is your natural response to sexual stimulation " -
"You can make love for a long before you ejaculate" -
"Every day you feel better about your sexual prowess and your ability to achieve and maintain a hard, firm erection" "Acoustic Spotlight (Can Target One person in Crowd)"
by F. Joseph Pompeii MIT Media Lab -
Usage: The Audio Spotlight can be used in two major ways: -
As directed audio, sound is directed at a specific listener or area, to provide a private or area specific listening space. -
As projected audio, sound is projected against a distant object, creating an audio image. This audio image is literally a projected loudspeaker - sound appears to come directly from the projection, just like light. The Audio Spotlight consists of a thin, circular transducer array and a specially designed signal processor and amplifier. The transducer is about half an inch thick, nonmagnetic, and lightweight. The signal processor and amplifier are integrated into a unit about the same size as a traditional audio amplifier, and have similar power requirements.
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Technology: Because it is impossible to generate extremely narrow beams of audible sound without extremely large loudspeaker arrays, we instead generate the sound indirectly, using the nonlinearity of the air to convert a narrow beam of ultrasound into a highly directive, audible beam of sound. The device transmits a narrow beam of ultrasound (blue), which, due to the inherent nonlinearity of the air itself, distorts (changes shape) very slightly as it travels. This distortion creates, along with new ultrasonic frequencies, audible artifacts (green) that can be mathematically predicted, and therefore controlled. By constructing the proper ultrasonic beam, this nonlinearity can be used to create, within the beam itself, an audible sound beam containing any sound desired. This is presently done in real-time using low cost circuitry, a specially designed amplifier, and transducers developed at MIT specifically for this project.
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Hyperdirectivity: The directivity, or narrowness, of an acoustic wave generated by a circular transducer is proportional to the ratio of the diameter of the transducer to the wavelength of the sound. So a transducer much larger than the wavelength of the sound creates a very narrow beam. Audible sound contains wavelengths reaching lengths of several feet, so a reasonably sized loudspeaker will always produce a very wide, non-directional source at lower frequencies. The Audio Spotlight, in contrast, outputs short, millimeter sized ultrasonic waves, which form a very narrow beam even in a small transducer, which in turn generates audible sound. The nature of the nonlinear transformation also essentially eliminates side lobes in the resulting beam, and maintains relatively uniform directivity across the entire audible frequency range. The figure above (from American Technologies Corp.) compares the directivity of the Audio Spotlight (yellow) to that of an ordinary loudspeaker (purple) at 400 Hz. Note that the directivity of the Audio Spotlight is only three degrees, compared to the essentially omni directional directivity of the loudspeaker. In order to obtain such narrow directivity from a traditional loudspeaker system, one would need a loudspeaker array fifty meters across! A loudspeaker is like a light bulb, but the Audio Spotlight is like a laser.
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History: The use of nonlinear interaction of high frequency sound to generate directive low frequency sound sources has been a well-researched subject in the field of underwater acoustics since the early 1960's. Often misattributed to so-called "Tartini Tones," the effect is more accurately described as a parametric array, a term introduced by Westervelt. In the past several decades, many underwater sonar researchers have used the effect to generate directive low frequency sonar beams, detect underwater sound (parametric receiving array), and extend the bandwidth of underwater transducers. The first published demonstration of an airborne parametric array was in 1975 by Bennett and Blackstock. Rather than using inaudible ultrasound, they instead used very intense, high frequency audible sound to produce simple difference tones. While their goal was not a practical audio reproduction device, they nonetheless effectively demonstrated that the parametric array would work in air in addition to underwater.
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Life Assessment Detector System (LADS): The Life Assessment Detector System (LADS), a microwave Doppler movement measuring device, can detect human body surface motion, including heartbeat and respiration, at ranges up to 135 feet (41.15 meters). The primary function of the LADS is to provide a reliable method by which medical and emergency personnel can locate personnel buried in building collapses or injured on the military battlefield. LADS can detect such signs of life as movement, heartbeat, or respiration. Originally designed to detect heartbeat and respiration of military personnel wearing chemical-biological warfare protective overgarments, the LADS has been restructured, greatly increasing its operational range and providing a means for eliminating "nuisance alarms" which could mimic human life signs, such as fans, wind drafts, or swaying trees. This is accomplished through neural network technology, which "trains" the system to recognize human motion and heartbeat/respiration functions. If these functions are not detected, the reasonable assumption is that there are no survivors. Operating under such an assumption, the rescue team can now proceed without fear of further loss of life, i.e., rescue and medical personnel and equipment can be deployed more effectively and efficiently. The LADS consists of a sensor module, a neural network module, and a control/monitor module. The sensor module is an x-band (10 GHz) microwave transceiver with a nominal output power of 15 milliwatts, operating in the continuous wave (CW) mode. The neural network module device can store many complex patterns such as visual waveforms and speech templates, and can easily compare input patterns to previously "trained" or stored patterns. The control/monitor module provides the LADS' instrument controls, such as on-off switches, circuit breakers, and battery condition, as well as motion, heartbeat waveform, pulse strength, and pulse rate displays. LADS provides life assessment capabilities for people who are: -
Trapped in building rubble -
Battlefield casualties in a chemical/biological warfare environment -
Victims of airline, train, or automobile crashes -
Trapped in an avalanche or mudslide -
Trapped on a mountain ledge -
Trapped under a collapsed tent structure -
Hostages being held in a nonmetallic room For more information about the LADS, send E-mail to: info@vsecorp.com -
Radar Flashlight: The National Institute of Justice (NIJ), through the Joint (Justice-Defense) Program Steering Group (JPSG), is sponsoring Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI) in developing inexpensive, handheld, low-power radar that will enable law officers to detect individuals through interior building walls. It works by sensing the motion of an individual's chest when they breathe. GTRI is currently designing and refining the first prototype unit. A laboratory test area has been constructed consisting of a section of home siding and drywall, a wooden front door, and a section of brick and mortar. It also demonstrated the ability to detect an individual through the laboratory's cinder block walls. GTRI is working to combine the two parts of this device into a single unit. NIJ plans on demonstrating the Radar Flashlight with law enforcement agencies through its National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC) (Southeast Regional Center) before the end of 1999. Dr. Pete Nacci Project Manager
(703) 351-8821
pnacci@darpa.mil
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Millivision Radar Millimeter-Wave Camera picks up both metallic and plastic concealed handguns. Between microwave and infrared lies the millimeter wave band. This little-heralded portion of the electromagnetic spectrum turns out to be perfect for "remote frisking." Millitech Corp. has designed a camera to accomplish just that. The idea calls for measuring the time delay and intensity of millimeter wave energy that radiates naturally. At millimeter wavelengths, people are good emitters, while metals are very poor. Dielectric objects, such as plastics, ceramics and powdered drugs, are somewhere in between. Clothing and building materials, such as wallboard, are virtually transparent. http://www.millivision.com/
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Ground (or Home/Apt. Wall) Penetrating Radar: Patriot Scientific Corporation has developed radar technologies with a wide range of possible applications. A pulse generator is used to drive the transmit antenna. The pulse is a positive spike going up to 100V then falling back to ground in one and a half nanoseconds corresponding to a pulse transmit frequency of 750 MHz. The return signal is read by the receive antenna. At this point some simple analog processing is done and the signal is digitized at a resolution of 6 GHz, and sent to a PC. The PC correlates the data into a conventional waveform, does some processing, and then transmits the data over an Ethernet cable to a Pentium workstation (not shown). The Pentium workstation is used to apply different digital filters, combine waveforms, and display the results. This system can be used to demonstrate detection of small targets buried in sand, people behind walls, and other targets. Patriot has used its antenna system to demonstrate detection of objects as small as a coke buried in sand, through a wall. Even small targets disturb the wave-front of the pulse, producing reflections and modifying the field in measurable ways. The key to Patriot's Radar system is its ability to transmit and receive pulses barely longer then single cycles at the transmit frequency. The first waveform shown here is a pulse generated by an earlier Patriot Design, based on "off the shelf" antenna technology. The waveform on the bottom was produced and received by Patriot's current Design. The current Patriot antenna system produces a pulse at the desired frequency with little leading or trailing noise. The Patriot antenna system provides many advantages over pulse-based systems. Patriot originally developed the impulse radar system to allow time domain processing in Patriot's GPR systems. Because the impulse is extremely short (3 nanoseconds), the time to return can be used to gauge the distance traveled by the pulse. Furthermore, the transmitter and receiver antennas are very directional, eliminating much of the multipath components of the return signal. The short pulses combined with the directional transmit and receive to provide us with a number of important advantages: -
Very low average power during transmission -
Low interference from other transmitters -
Transmission invisible to conventional receivers -
High bandwidth digital data transmission possible -
Difficult detection by other impulse receiver Interference with other sources and receivers is further reduced by using directional antennas. The antenna design shown is highly directional. When penetrating the ground, we wish to eliminate as much of the multipath signal as possible. The directional antennas reduce the multipath signals detected to those that are relatively inline with the wave path, and eliminate much of the multipath signal that returns at odd angles. Impulse radar uses low power inherently because the transmissions occur in pulses separated by periods of no transmission. The power of the pulses is offset by the dead time between the pulses. The average output of the current system is about 300 microwatts. The low average power of an impulse system effectively hides the transmissions from conventional receivers. Interference can be further reduced in an impulse system by using random interval spacing. As long as the transmit and receive antennas are in sync, the period between pulses can be varied to prevent aliening with other continuous- or pulse-transmission systems that might be operating in the same locale. Furthermore, if an impulse system is being used to transmit data, varying the intervals between pulses prevents other impulse systems from locking onto the signal. Patriot Scientifics' current GPR system does not use random interval spacing. Patriot Scientific Corporation
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Commercial Thought Reading Devices: The Cyberlink Mind Mouse is a revolutionary hands-free computer controller which allows you to move and click a mouse cursor, play video games, create music, and control external devices, all without using your hands. A headband with three sensors detects electrical signals on the forehead resulting from subtle facial muscle, eye, and brain activity. This headband connects to an interface box that amplifies and digitizes the forehead signals and sends them to your computer. The Cyberlink software decodes the forehead signals into ten Brain Fingers for continuous cursor control. It also decodes eye motion and facial gestures into mouse button clicks, keystrokes, and cursor resolution control. With a little practice, most or all of these commands can be mastered to operate virtually all computer functions. By learning to change the energy levels of your Brain Fingers, you will be able to do just about anything on a computer, except turn it on! The Cyberlink Mind Mouse supports hands-free mouse, keyboard and joystick cursor control, switch closure, video game control, and music and art synthesis. The Cyberlink Mind Mouse features a Windows 95 Mouse Driver for hands-free control of third party software like games, business software, Internet browsers, and a range of assistive technologies, such as the X-10 Home Controller and special needs word-processing and communication software, including WiVik2, Words Plus, and Clicker Plus. The Cyberlink Mind Mouse is priced at $1495.00 (U.S.$) plus shipping. Free upgrades are included for one year.
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